Articular cartilage and Menisci

Movement of the bones causes friction between the articulating surfaces. To reduce this friction, all articulating surfaces involved in movement are covered by a white, shiny, slippery layer called the articular cartilage

Within the knee joint, between the femur and tibia, there are two C-shaped cartilaginous structures called menisci. Menisci function to provide stability to the knee by spreading the weight of the upper body across the whole surface of the tibial plateau. The menisci help in load bearing by preventing the weight from concentrating onto a small area, which could damage the articular cartilage.

Ligaments

Ligaments are tough bands of tissue that connect one bone to another bone. The ligaments of the knee function to stabilise the knee joint. There are two important groups of ligaments that hold the bones of the knee joint together: collateral ligaments and the cruciate ligaments.

Cruciate ligaments are a group of ligaments present inside the knee joint. They control the back and forth motion of the knee. The cruciate ligament in the front of the knee is called anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) and the cruciate ligament in the back of the knee is called posterior cruciate ligament (PCL).

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